{"id":439,"date":"2025-02-05T09:33:56","date_gmt":"2025-02-05T02:33:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phapvien.com\/?p=439"},"modified":"2025-02-05T09:35:11","modified_gmt":"2025-02-05T02:35:11","slug":"tri-tue-trong-dao-phat-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/?p=439","title":{"rendered":"Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 trong \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0111em vui cho m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn an l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (Pann\u00e0) m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do v\u1eady giai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed then ch\u1ed1t trong m\u1ecdi l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c B\u1ed5n S\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta. V\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng cho \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c uy\u00ean b\u00e1c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00fac chi\u1ebft v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u01b0\u1ee3u, hi\u1ec3u r\u01b0\u1ee3u g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u g\u00ec, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 r\u01b0\u1ee3u nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u1eabn u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u, v\u1eabn b\u1ecb say r\u01b0\u1ee3u, v\u1eabn b\u1ecb r\u01b0\u1ee3u chi ph\u1ed1i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 r\u01b0\u1ee3u. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u01b0\u1ee3u l\u00e0 g\u00ec, bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 nguy h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a r\u01b0\u1ee3u, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u01b0\u1ee3u chi ph\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u, kh\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7n r\u01b0\u1ee3u, kh\u00f4ng say r\u01b0\u1ee3u, v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a r\u01b0\u1ee3u. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 r\u01b0\u1ee3u. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 r\u01b0\u1ee3u, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng? L\u1ebd d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u1eabn h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch do kh\u00f4ng u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng say r\u01b0\u1ee3u, kh\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7n r\u01b0\u1ee3u do c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, trong m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a r\u01b0\u1ee3u, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn say r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7n r\u01b0\u1ee3u. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh hai h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed. M\u1ed9t h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t uy\u00ean b\u00e1c trong \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn xem l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. H\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, uy\u00ean th\u00e2m trong ba t\u1ea1ng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec3n, c\u1ea3 ba t\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y l\u1eabn ba t\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec. Ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ecfi nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y hay v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7u d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, do v\u1eady c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. M\u1ed9t h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u00edn th\u00e0nh, h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec theo nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m trong \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tin, ch\u01b0a chuy\u1ec3n l\u00f2ng tin th\u00e0nh tr\u00ed, n\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u1eabn c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ecb tham s\u00e2n si chi ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 do v\u1eady, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec3n t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 l\u01b0\u01a1ng tri, gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u00e1nh t\u00e0, thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c, t\u1ecbnh u\u1ebf, l\u1ea1c kh\u1ed5, th\u1eafng li\u1ec7t. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh hy h\u1eefu, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng hai, m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 l\u01b0\u01a1ng tri lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong ch\u00fang ta, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n soi s\u00e1ng ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a gi\u1eefa thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00e1c, gi\u1eefa ch\u00e1nh v\u1edbi t\u00e0, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00ean l\u00e0m, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn an l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Di\u1ec7u d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c B\u1ed5n S\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o di\u1ec3n t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh, nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9, nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a hai h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ngu v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed. Khi \u0111\u1ecdc qua nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh di\u1ec3n t\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed, ch\u00ednh l\u01b0\u01a1ng tri ch\u00fang ta tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0103ng Chi, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Ba Ph\u00e1p, Ph\u1ea9m Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ngu, n\u00eau r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 sai kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t tr\u1eddi m\u1ed9t v\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed: “Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u1edbi ba ph\u00e1p, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ba? Th\u00e2n l\u00e0m \u00e1c, mi\u1ec7ng n\u00f3i \u00e1c, \u00fd ngh\u0129 \u00e1c… Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u1edbi ba ph\u00e1p, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ba? Th\u00e2n l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7n, mi\u1ec7ng n\u00f3i thi\u1ec7n, \u00fd ngh\u0129 thi\u1ec7n” <\/em>(T\u0103ng Chi, III-2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u0169ng theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i th\u00eam: “Ph\u00e0m c\u00f3 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i n\u00e0o kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed. Ph\u00e0m c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nguy hi\u1ec3m n\u00e0o kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nguy hi\u1ec3m \u1ea5y kh\u1edfi l\u00ean t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed. Ph\u00e0m c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tai h\u1ecda n\u00e0o kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng tai h\u1ecda \u1ea5y kh\u1edfi l\u00ean t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed … Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu c\u00f3 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu c\u00f3 nguy hi\u1ec3m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nguy hi\u1ec3m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu c\u00f3 tai h\u1ecda, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tai h\u1ecda. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tai h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed” <\/em>(T\u0103ng Chi, III-1). Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng qu\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed, d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 sai kh\u00e1c r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu v\u00e0 k\u1ebb tr\u00ed l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu khi g\u1eb7p kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea7u mu\u1ed9n, than van, kh\u00f3c l\u00f3c, \u0111\u1eadp ng\u1ef1c \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t t\u1ec9nh. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u01a1i v\u00e0o v\u1ef1c th\u1eb3m, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean b\u1edd, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ed7 ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9ng an to\u00e0n. C\u00f2n b\u1eadc tr\u00ed, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n, th\u1eddi “kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea7u mu\u1ed9n, kh\u00f4ng than van, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3c l\u00f3c, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eadp ng\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t t\u1ec9nh”<\/em>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0: “B\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed nghe nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean b\u1edd v\u1ef1c th\u1eb3m, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9ng an to\u00e0n”<\/em> (T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng, IV-4). B\u1eadc \u0110\u1ea1o S\u01b0 l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i th\u00eam: “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu si nghe \u00edt, khi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd, th\u1eddi s\u1ea7u mu\u1ed9n, than van, kh\u00f3c l\u00f3c, \u0111\u1eadp ng\u1ef1c, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t t\u1ec9nh.”<\/em> Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd hai lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd, c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00ed nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eafn tr\u00fang hai m\u0169i t\u00ean, v\u1eeba \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n, v\u1eeba \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu si \u00edt nghe, khi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd, c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y s\u00e2n h\u1eadn n\u00ean s\u00e2n t\u00f9y mi\u00ean t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ly kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hoan h\u1ef7 d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c, do kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t xu\u1ea5t ly n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Do hoan h\u1ef7 d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c \u1ea5y, tham t\u00f9y mi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00f9y t\u0103ng. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt, s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ly c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd \u1ea5y. Do v\u1eady v\u00f4 minh t\u00f9y mi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5 b\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00f9y t\u0103ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5 b\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu si nghe \u00edt, b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi sanh gi\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh ch\u1ebft, s\u1ea7u bi kh\u1ed5 \u01b0u n\u00e3o. Ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi \u0111au kh\u1ed5”<\/em> (T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng, IV-36-6).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed nghe nhi\u1ec1u, khi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd, kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea7u mu\u1ed9n than van, kh\u00f3c l\u00f3c, \u0111\u1eadp ng\u1ef1c, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t t\u1ec9nh. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd, t\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00ed nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y b\u1ecb b\u1eafn b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed nghe nhi\u1ec1u, khi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y s\u00e2n h\u1eadn n\u00ean s\u00e2n t\u00f9y mi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ly ra kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd, ngo\u00e0i d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng hoan h\u1ef7 d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c, n\u00ean tham t\u00f9y mi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00f9y t\u0103ng. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt tu\u1ec7 tri s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt, s\u1ef1 nguy h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ly c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd \u1ea5y. Do v\u1eady v\u00f4 minh t\u00f9y mi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5 b\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00f9y t\u0103ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed nghe nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea5y c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5 b\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: “V\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed nghe nhi\u1ec1u, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi sanh gi\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh ch\u1ebft, s\u1ea7u bi kh\u1ed5 \u01b0 n\u00e3o. Ta n\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi \u0111au kh\u1ed5”<\/em> (T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng, IV-36-6).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 sai kh\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu v\u00e0 b\u1eadc hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e2n do v\u00f4 minh che \u0111\u1eady, do \u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi l\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 th\u00e2n n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 danh s\u1eafc \u1edf ngo\u00e0i. Do duy\u00ean th\u00e2n n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 s\u00e1u x\u00fac x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd l\u1ea1c kh\u1ed5. V\u1eady c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sai kh\u00e1c g\u00ec gi\u1eefa b\u1eadc hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed v\u00e0 k\u1ebb ngu? \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: “N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, b\u1ecb v\u00f4 minh che \u0111\u1eady, b\u1ecb tham \u00e1i tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c, th\u00e2n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh kh\u1edfi. V\u00f4 minh \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn. Tham \u00e1i \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadn tr\u1eeb. V\u00ec c\u1edb sao? N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Do v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n kh\u00e1c. Do \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi sanh gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft, s\u1ea7u bi kh\u1ed5 \u01b0u n\u00e3o. Ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t \u0111au kh\u1ed5”<\/em> (T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng, II-12-19).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“V\u00e0 n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, b\u1ecb v\u00f4 minh che \u0111\u1eady, b\u1ecb tham \u00e1i h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh kh\u1edfi. V\u00f4 minh \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn. Tham \u00e1i \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed t\u1eadn tr\u1eeb. V\u00ec sao? N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed s\u1ed1ng Ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh, v\u00ec ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Do v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed, khi th\u00e2n ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng chung kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi sanh, gi\u00e0, ch\u1ebft, s\u1ea7u, bi, kh\u1ed5, \u01b0u, n\u00e3o.Ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: V\u1ecb \u1ea5y tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111au kh\u1ed5.”<\/em> (T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng, II-12-19).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb n\u1eefa l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed \u01b0a th\u00edch im l\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u00e0n, nh\u01b0 ao \u0111\u1ea7y n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f2n k\u1ebb ngu th\u00ec \u1ed3n \u00e0o nh\u01b0 khe n\u00fai, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, nh\u01b0 gh\u00e8 v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

“H\u00e3y h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc
N\u01b0\u1edbc khe n\u00fai ch\u1ea3y \u1ed3n,
T\u1eeb khe n\u00fai v\u1ef1c s\u00e2u,
Bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7y, im l\u1eb7ng.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1i g\u00ec tr\u1ed1ng k\u00eau to,
Ngu nh\u01b0 gh\u00e8 v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc,
C\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7y im l\u1eb7ng.
B\u1eadc tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 ao \u0111\u1ea7y” (Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9 I, 106)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi, v\u00ec sao b\u1eadc c\u00f3 Tr\u00ed s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh r\u1eebng s\u00e2u, \u0103n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t b\u1eefa, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 dung s\u1eafc th\u00f9 di\u1ec7u, c\u00f2n k\u1ebb ngu l\u1ea1i h\u00e9o m\u00f2n, nh\u01b0 lau xanh r\u1eddi c\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1edbi b\u00e0i k\u1ec7:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

“Th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng trong r\u1eebng n\u00fai,
B\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh s\u1ed1ng Ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh,
M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u0103n m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i,
Sao s\u1eafc h\u1ecd th\u00f9 di\u1ec7u?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kh\u00f4ng than vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 qua,
Kh\u00f4ng mong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp t\u1edbi,
S\u1ed1ng ngay v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i,
Do v\u1eady, s\u1eafc th\u00f9 di\u1ec7u.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do mong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp t\u1edbi,
Do than vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 qua,
N\u00ean k\u1ebb ngu h\u00e9o m\u00f2n,
Nh\u01b0 lau xanh r\u1eddi c\u00e0nh”. (T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng, I-1-10)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sai bi\u1ec7t n\u1eefa gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu k\u1ebb tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e9o di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ec1 h\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

“Ch\u00fang ngu si thi\u1ebfu tr\u00ed,
Chuy\u00ean s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt.
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt,
Nh\u01b0 gi\u1eef t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qu\u00fd”. (Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa 26)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed d\u1eb9p ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt,
V\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt,
Leo l\u1ea7u cao tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7,
Kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea7u, nh\u00ecn kh\u1ed5 s\u1ea7u,
B\u1eadc tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ee9ng n\u00fai cao,
Nh\u00ecn k\u1ebb ngu, \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng”. (Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa 28)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu k\u1ebb tr\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eadt sai kh\u00e1c:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

“H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y,
Nh\u01b0 xe vua l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby,
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu m\u1edbi tham \u0111\u1eafm,
K\u1ebb tr\u00ed n\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafm say”. (Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa 171)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Nhi\u1ec1u khi s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tr\u00ed k\u1ebb ngu, sai bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng gang t\u1ea5c, ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ngu, d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh Tr\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

“Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu ngh\u0129 m\u00ecnh ngu,
Nh\u1edd v\u1eady th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 tr\u00ed.
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed,
Th\u1eadt x\u1ee9ng g\u1ecdi ch\u00ed ngu”. (Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa 63)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c, kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu k\u1ebb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

“Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu, d\u1ea7u tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi,
Th\u00e2n c\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed,
Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p,
Nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed7ng v\u1edbi v\u1ecb canh”.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed, d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t kh\u1eafc,
Th\u00e2n c\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed,
Bi\u1ebft ngay ch\u00e2n di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p,
Nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1ee1i v\u1edbi v\u1ecb canh”. (Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa 64-65)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y v\u00ec sao, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu hay xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, c\u00f3 hai h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y hay xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c Nh\u01b0 Lai. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 hai? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00eau r\u00f5 Nh\u01b0 Lai c\u00f3 n\u00f3i, c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 Lai kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng thuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00eau r\u00f5 Nh\u01b0 Lai kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 Lai c\u00f3 n\u00f3i, c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft. N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, c\u00f3 hai h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c Nh\u01b0 Lai.”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, c\u00f3 hai h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c Nh\u01b0 Lai. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 hai? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00eau r\u00f5 Nh\u01b0 Lai c\u00f3 n\u00f3i, c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 Lai c\u00f3 n\u00f3i, c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00eau r\u00f5 Nh\u01b0 Lai kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 Lai kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng thuy\u1ebft. C\u00f3 hai h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, kh\u00f4ng xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c Nh\u01b0 Lai.” <\/em>(T\u0103ng Chi, II-3)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed ngang qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ch\u00fang ta nay c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (pann\u00e0, prajn\u00e0) trong \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7: “Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7? V\u00ec c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 tri, v\u00ec c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 tri, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7. C\u00f3Tu\u1ec7 tri g\u00ec? C\u00f3Tu\u1ec7 tri (Paj\u00e0n\u00e0ti): \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, c\u00f3Tu\u1ec7 tri: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 t\u1eadp, c\u00f3Tu\u1ec7 tri: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t, c\u00f3Tu\u1ec7 tri: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t. V\u00ec c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 tri, c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 tri n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7<\/em> (Trung B\u1ed9, I-43). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi tri tu\u1ec7, bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi, bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t, bi\u1ebft con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t. M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 tri v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt (ass\u00e0da), tu\u1ec7 tri s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m (\u00e0dinav\u00e0) v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 tri s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ly (Nissarana) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 do v\u1eady n\u00f3i chung c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3y l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tu\u1ec7 tri, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p, hay \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o, d\u1ea7u t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0 l\u1ea5y d\u1ee5c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tu\u1ec7 tri d\u1ee5c, d\u1ee5c t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi, d\u1ee5c \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ee5c \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t, v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c, s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ly ra kh\u1ecfi d\u1ee5c. Bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 tri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn. “Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 l\u1ef1c? \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u s\u1ef1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 sanh di\u1ec7t, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au”<\/em>. Danh t\u1eeb P\u00e0li chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n l\u00e0 Ariy\u00e0ya nibbedhik\u00e0ya samm\u00e0-dukkha-kkhaya-g\u00e0miniy\u00e0<\/em><\/strong> (D. III, 237). \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1eef Nibbedhik\u00e0ya c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp, \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111au kh\u1ed5. C\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e2m th\u1ee7ng d\u1ee5c l\u1eadu, h\u1eefu l\u1eadu, v\u00f4 minh l\u1eadu, hay tham s\u00e2n si \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, ngo\u00e0i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tu\u1ec7 tri s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t c\u00f2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e2m th\u1ee7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 minh \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n c\u00e1i c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng di\u1ec7u d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (pann\u00e0): “Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1eafng tri (abhinn\u00e0ttha), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 li\u1ec5u tri (parinnattha), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn (pah\u00e0nattha).” <\/em>Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1eafng tri, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee9c t\u01b0. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng li\u1ec5u tri v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n; v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c, d\u1ee5c l\u1eadu, h\u1eefu l\u1eadu, v\u00f4 minh l\u1eadu, \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham s\u00e2n si, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u1edfng tri (sanj\u00e0n\u00e0ti) nh\u1edd t\u01b0\u1edfng (sann\u00e0) \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 \u00fd tri (j\u00e0n\u00e0ti) do \u00fd (manas) \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn. T\u01b0\u1edfng tri, th\u1ee9c tri v\u00e0 \u00fd tri l\u00e0 ba s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc, v.v… \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p th\u00eam Th\u1eafng tri v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 tri, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ngang qua thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u1ea1o th\u00eam s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh. Tu\u1ec7 tri \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, ho\u00e0n m\u00e3n, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e2m th\u1ee7ng v\u00f4 minh, \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn tham s\u00e2n si, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u1eb1 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u1eaft. V\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y s\u0103nh nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n, ly tham \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, theo ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 sau: “Do nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n n\u00ean ly tham; do ly tham n\u00ean gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Trong s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, tr\u00ed kh\u1edfi l\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: “Ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t”. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 “Sanh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn, Ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh, nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec n\u00ean l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. Nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y n\u1eefa” <\/em>(T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng, IV-35-28)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n tri, \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u1ec7 tri, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd tu\u1ec7 tri m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n, ly tham, \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, t\u00f9y theo ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, t\u00f9y theo c\u0103n c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c, ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n tu t\u1eadp c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c, ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau hay g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, tr\u00edch thu\u1eadt t\u1eeb Kinh T\u1ea1ng P\u00e0li, n\u00f3i l\u00ean vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t tri ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong Kinh X\u00e0 D\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n l\u00e0 n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n: S\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n n\u00e0o, qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb lai, n\u1ed9i hay ngo\u1ea1i, th\u00f4 hay t\u1ebf, li\u1ec7t hay th\u1eafng, xa hay g\u1ea7n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n: “C\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00f4i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i<\/strong>. Nh\u1edd tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ecb \u0111a v\u0103n Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed y\u1ebfm ly s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee9c. Do y\u1ebfm ly n\u00ean ly tham, do ly tham n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Trong s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1edfi l\u00ean s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft: “Ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t”. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft: “Sanh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn, Ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00ean l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tr\u1edf lui l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c<\/strong>“<\/em>. (Trung B\u1ed9, I-22)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong \u0110\u1ea1i Kinh M\u00e3 \u1ea4p, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c. V\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tu\u1ec7 tri: “\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5”; “\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 t\u1eadp”; “\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t”; “\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t”; “\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c”; “\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi”; “\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t”; “\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t”. Nh\u1edd tu\u1ec7 tri nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u1ea5y tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi d\u1ee5c l\u1eadu, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi h\u1eefu l\u1eadu, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi v\u00f4 minh l\u1eadu. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kh\u1edfi l\u00ean s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft: “Ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t”. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft: “Sanh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn, Ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh, nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00ean l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. Sau \u0111\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa”. (Trung B\u1ed9, 1-39)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong Kinh \u0110o\u1ea1n Gi\u1ea3m, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1edf ki\u1ebfn: “N\u00e0y Cunda, nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i s\u1edf ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y kh\u1edfi l\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi, ho\u1eb7c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e3 lu\u1eadn, ho\u1eb7c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadn, ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng s\u1edf ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n, v\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng s\u1edf ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t ch\u00fang v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 r\u1eb1ng: “C\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1eb3i l\u00e0 t\u00f4i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”, c\u00f3 v\u1eady th\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng s\u1edf ki\u1ebfn \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3 ly nh\u1eefng s\u1edf ki\u1ebfn \u1ea5y. (Trung B\u1ed9, I-8).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong Kinh M\u1eadt Ho\u00e0n, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/strong> (papancasannasankh\u00e0): “N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, do b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean g\u00ec, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00e1m \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng t\u00f9y h\u1ef7, \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3n m\u1eebng, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7, th\u1eddi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn tham t\u00f9y mi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn s\u00e2n t\u00f9y mi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn ki\u1ebfn t\u00f9y mi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn nghi t\u00f9y mi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn m\u1ea1n t\u00f9y mi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn h\u1eefu tham t\u00f9y mi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn v\u00f4 minh t\u00f9y mi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1ea5p ki\u1ebfm, \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, tr\u00e1nh tranh, lu\u1eadn tranh, kh\u00e1ng tranh, ly gi\u00e1n ng\u1eef, v\u1ecdng ng\u1eef. Ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eefng \u00e1c, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u01b0 t\u00e0n.”<\/em> (Trung B\u1ed9, I-18)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong Kinh Song T\u1ea7m, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i khi Ng\u00e0i ch\u01b0a gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u1ec7, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Ng\u00e0i chia c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea7m ra hai lo\u1ea1i – B\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m l\u00e0 d\u1ee5c t\u1ea7m, s\u00e2n t\u1ea7m, h\u1ea1i t\u1ea7m; v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m l\u00e0 ly d\u1ee5c t\u1ea7m, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n t\u1ea7m, b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1i t\u1ea7m. Khi d\u1ee5c t\u1ea7m, s\u00e2n t\u1ea7m, h\u1ea1i t\u1ea7m kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t tu\u1ec7 tri: “C\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m n\u00e0y kh\u1edfi l\u00ean n\u01a1i Ta, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 h\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 hai, di\u1ec7t tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, d\u1ef1 ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n. Khi B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t kh\u1edfi l\u00ean suy t\u01b0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u1eddi c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m kh\u1edfi l\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi ly d\u1ee5c t\u1ea7m, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n t\u1ea7m, b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1i t\u1ea7m kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t tu\u1ec7 tri: “C\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m n\u00e0y kh\u1edfi l\u00ean n\u01a1i Ta v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 h\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 hai, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1 ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n. N\u1ebfu ban \u0111\u00eam Ta suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 ly d\u1ee5c t\u1ea7m, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n t\u1ea7m, b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1i t\u1ea7m, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u1ea5y, Ta th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i. N\u1ebfu ban ng\u00e0y Ta suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 ly d\u1ee5c t\u1ea7m, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n t\u1ea7m, b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1i t\u1ea7m, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u1ea5y, Ta th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ta suy t\u01b0, qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t qu\u00e1 l\u0103u, th\u00e2n ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi; khi th\u00e2n Ta m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi th\u00ec t\u00e2m b\u1ecb dao \u0111\u1ed9ng, khi t\u00e2m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u00e2m r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ecbnh t\u1ec9nh. R\u1ed3i t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i th\u00e2n Ta tr\u1ea5n an t\u00e2m, tr\u1ea5n t\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m, khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m, khi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ec9nh”. V\u1edbi t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ec9nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb n\u0103m tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i, ch\u1ee9ng s\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n, nh\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n, tam thi\u1ec1n, t\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n, ch\u1ee9ng t\u00fac m\u1ea1ng tr\u00ed, thi\u00ean nh\u00e3n tr\u00ed, l\u1eadu t\u1eadn tr\u00ed v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/strong><\/em>.” (Trung B\u1ed9, I-19)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nay ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, l\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1eeba t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n, v\u1eeba t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t sanh t\u1eed v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 trong \u00c1i T\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i Kinh (Trung B\u1ed9, I-38).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Bh\u00f9ta), s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y b\u1ed1n th\u1ee9c \u0103n l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, l\u00e0m t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi, l\u00e0m sanh ch\u1ee7ng, l\u00e0m hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khi b\u1ed1n m\u00f3n \u0103n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt n\u00e0y. Sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 do b\u1ed1n m\u00f3n \u0103n l\u00e0m t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi, \u00e1i do th\u1ecd l\u00e0m t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi, th\u1ecd do x\u00fac l\u00e0m t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi, x\u00fac do s\u00e1u x\u1ee9 l\u00e0m t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi, s\u00e1u x\u1ee9 do danh s\u1eafc l\u00e0m t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi, danh s\u1eafc do th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi, th\u1ee9c do h\u00e0nh l\u00e0m t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi, h\u00e0nh do v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0m t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, duy\u00ean v\u00f4 minh c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh, duy\u00ean h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c, duy\u00ean th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 danh s\u1eafc, duy\u00ean danh s\u1eafc c\u00f3 s\u00e1u x\u1ee9, duy\u00ean s\u00e1u x\u1ee9 c\u00f3 x\u00fac, duy\u00ean x\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ecd, duy\u00ean th\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u00e1i, duy\u00ean \u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ee7, duy\u00ean th\u1ee7 c\u00f3 h\u1eefu, duy\u00ean h\u1eefu c\u00f3 sanh, duy\u00ean sanh c\u00f3 gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft, s\u1ea7u bi kh\u1ed5 \u01b0u n\u00e3o<\/strong><\/em>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, do duy\u00ean sanh n\u00ean c\u00f3 gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft, do duy\u00ean h\u1eefu n\u00ean c\u00f3 sanh, do duy\u00ean th\u1ee7 n\u00ean c\u00f3 h\u1eefu, do duy\u00ean \u00e1i n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ee7, do duy\u00ean th\u1ecd n\u00ean c\u00f3 \u00e1i, do duy\u00ean x\u00fac n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ecd, do duy\u00ean s\u00e1u x\u1ee9 n\u00ean c\u00f3 x\u00fac, do duy\u00ean danh s\u1eafc n\u00ean c\u00f3 s\u00e1u x\u1ee9, do duy\u00ean th\u1ee9c n\u00ean c\u00f3 danh s\u1eafc, do duy\u00ean h\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c, do duy\u00ean v\u00f4 minh n\u00ean c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt x\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng duy\u00ean sanh c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u1ed5 u\u1ea9n t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c: “C\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. C\u00e1i n\u00e0y sanh, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e2y sanh<\/strong><\/em>” (Ima smim sati idum hoti Imass uppad\u00e0, idum uppajjati).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb l\u00fd duy\u00ean sanh, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fd duy\u00ean di\u1ec7t. Do v\u00f4 minh \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t x\u1ea3 ly m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u00ean h\u00e0nh di\u1ec7t. Do h\u00e0nh di\u1ec7t n\u00ean th\u1ee9c di\u1ec7t. Do th\u1ee9c di\u1ec7t n\u00ean danh s\u1eafc di\u1ec7t. Do danh s\u1eafc di\u1ec7t n\u00ean s\u00e1u x\u1ee9 di\u1ec7t. Do s\u00e1u x\u1ee9 di\u1ec7t n\u00ean x\u00fac di\u1ec7t. Do x\u00fac di\u1ec7t n\u00ean th\u1ecd di\u1ec7t. Do th\u1ecd di\u1ec7t n\u00ean \u00e1i di\u1ec7t. Do \u00e1i di\u1ec7t n\u00ean th\u1ee7 di\u1ec7t. Do th\u1ee7 di\u1ec7t n\u00ean h\u1eefu di\u1ec7t. Do h\u1eefu di\u1ec7t n\u00ean sanh di\u1ec7t. Do sanh di\u1ec7t n\u00ean gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft, s\u1ea7u bi kh\u1ed5 \u01b0u n\u00e3o di\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n di\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady do sanh di\u1ec7t n\u00ean gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft di\u1ec7t. Do h\u1eefu di\u1ec7t n\u00ean sanh di\u1ec7t. Do th\u1ee7 di\u1ec7t n\u00ean h\u1eefu di\u1ec7t. Do \u00e1i di\u1ec7t n\u00ean th\u1ee7 di\u1ec7t. Do th\u1ecd di\u1ec7t n\u00ean \u00e1i di\u1ec7t. Do x\u00fac di\u1ec7t n\u00ean th\u1ecd di\u1ec7t. Do s\u00e1u x\u1ee9 di\u1ec7t n\u00ean x\u00fac di\u1ec7t. Do danh s\u1eafc di\u1ec7t n\u00ean s\u00e1u x\u1ee9 di\u1ec7t. Do th\u1ee9c di\u1ec7t n\u00ean danh s\u1eafc di\u1ec7t. Do h\u00e0nh di\u1ec7t n\u00ean th\u1ee9c di\u1ec7t. Do v\u00f4 minh di\u1ec7t n\u00ean h\u00e0nh di\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt x\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng l\u00fd duy\u00ean di\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c: “C\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. C\u00e1i n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e2y di\u1ec7t<\/em><\/strong>” (Imassa asati, idam na hoti. Imassa nirodh\u00e0, idam nirajjhati). V\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3, v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean sanh v\u00e0 duy\u00ean di\u1ec7t, n\u00ean sau khi gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi, sau khi ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ed1n thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, khi s\u00e1u c\u0103n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi s\u00e1u tr\u1ea7n, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng tham \u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u00e1u tr\u1ea7n kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i, kh\u00f4ng gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u00e1u tr\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng an tr\u00fa ni\u1ec7m tr\u00ean th\u00e2n, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt tu\u1ec7 tri t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, tu\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd ch\u00fang, c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eeb di\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1eeb b\u1ecf thu\u1eadn \u1ee9ng ngh\u1ecbch \u1ee9ng, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd n\u00e0o kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y h\u1ef7, kh\u00f4ng hoan ngh\u00eanh, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eafm tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ecd \u1ea5y. V\u00ec v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00f9y h\u1ef7, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hoan ngh\u00eanh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eafm tr\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 d\u1ee5c h\u1ef7 (nandi) kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd, d\u1ee5c h\u1ef7 \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eeb di\u1ec7t c\u00f3 d\u01b0 t\u00e0n. Do d\u1ee5c h\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u1ea5y di\u1ec7t n\u00ean th\u1ee7 di\u1ec7t. Do th\u1ee7 di\u1ec7t n\u00ean h\u1eefu di\u1ec7t. Do h\u1eefu di\u1ec7t n\u00ean sanh di\u1ec7t. Do sanh di\u1ec7t n\u00ean gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft s\u1ea7u bi kh\u1ed5 \u01b0u n\u00e3o di\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sai kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c, c\u00e1c s\u1edf ki\u1ebfn, c\u00e1c v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00fd lu\u1eadn, c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m, l\u00fd duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t trong tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tu\u1ec7 tri c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3 A-La-H\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 n\u00eau r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ghi ch\u00e9p sau \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00e2u Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y tr\u00edch d\u1eabn t\u1eeb Kinh T\u1ea1ng P\u00e0li \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tr\u00ean:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

“T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng
V\u1edbi Tu\u1ec7, qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y v\u1eady
\u0110au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n :
Ch\u00ednh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thanh t\u1ecbnh”.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5 \u0111au
V\u1edbi Tu\u1ec7, qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y v\u1eady,
\u0110au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n ;
Ch\u00ednh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thanh t\u1ecbnh”.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 ng\u00e3,
V\u1edbi Tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y v\u1eady,
\u0110au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n
Ch\u00ednh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thanh t\u1ecbnh”. (Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa 277, 278, 279)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 t\u1eadp,
Th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua,
Th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh t\u00e1m ng\u00e0nh,
\u0110\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o t\u1eadn”. (Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa 191)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“M\u1eaft th\u1ecbt, m\u1eaft ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean,
V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eaft tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7,
C\u1ea3 ba lo\u1ea1i m\u1eaft \u1ea5y
\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eadc v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n
\u0110\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y …
T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y tr\u00ed kh\u1edfi l\u00ean,
Tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e3n l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng
Ai ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eaft \u1ea5y
Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au”. (Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft Nh\u01b0 V\u1eady, trang 437-438)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u,
<\/strong>Tr\u00edch: “H\u00e3y t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh th\u1eafp \u0111u\u1ed1c l\u00ean m\u00e0 \u0111i”.
Thi\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7n V\u1ea1n H\u1ea1nh, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 1990<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

HT. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0111em vui cho m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn an l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (Pann\u00e0) m\u1edbi l\u00e0 […]\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-439","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tue-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/439","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=439"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/439\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":440,"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/439\/revisions\/440"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=439"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=439"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=439"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}