{"id":301,"date":"2025-01-06T21:10:15","date_gmt":"2025-01-06T14:10:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phapvien.com\/?p=301"},"modified":"2025-01-06T21:10:15","modified_gmt":"2025-01-06T14:10:15","slug":"gioi-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/?p=301","title":{"rendered":"Gi\u1edbi H\u1ecdc"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Th\u00edch Ch\u01a1n Thi\u1ec7n<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ba h\u1ecdc: Gi\u1edbi, \u0110\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7. Ba h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ba v\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u1ecdc. G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 v\u00ec ba h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o sanh thi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dd Ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Gi\u1edbi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng Gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba \u0111i\u1ec1u qu\u1ea5y, d\u1ee9t d\u1eebng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c (“ph\u00f2ng phi ch\u1ec9 \u00e1c”), ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n (“ch\u1ec9 \u00e1c, t\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o, Gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi u\u1ea9n g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef, ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u. Khi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m th\u00ec tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a “t\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n” c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1eef Gi\u1edbi trong Gi\u1edbi b\u1ed5n Ba-la-\u0111\u1ec1-m\u1ed9c-xoa (Sk: Pr\u00e0timoksa, P\u00e0li: Patimokkha) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Bi\u1ec7t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t hay X\u1ee9 x\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, T\u00f9y th\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Bi\u1ec7t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n: gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t nhi\u1ec1u, gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi \u00edt th\u00ec gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u00edt. T\u00f9y thu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o qu\u1ea3 h\u1eefu vi hay v\u00f4 vi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Rhys Davids c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a Gi\u1edbi (Sil\u00e0) c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u0103n S\u00ecl. Ng\u1eef c\u0103n S\u00ecl c\u00f3 hai ngh\u0129a: Upadh\u00e0ran\u00e0 (lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1ch c\u01b0 x\u1eed, t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c) v\u00e0 Sam\u00e0dhi (\u0110\u1ecbnh, Thi\u1ec1n).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb Patimokkha th\u00ec c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, theo c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1eeb ng\u1eef, tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn, th\u00fac li\u1ec5m c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho r\u01a1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1c, sai l\u1ea7m, t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 bu\u1ed9c m\u1ed3m tr\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n n\u00f3 \u0103n l\u00faa m\u1ea1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1edbi trong ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y trai gi\u1edbi (P\u00e0li: Uposatha, Sk: Upavasatha), H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 B\u1ed1-sa-tha, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh tr\u00fa, tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n t\u00fac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0103ng Chi (III-A) \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ng\u00e0y trai gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1nh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n (ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong ba m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y ph\u1ea9m tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea1o, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n d\u1ea1y: “Gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n Ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9, b\u1ed1n Ch\u00e1nh c\u1ea7n, b\u1ed1n Nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac, n\u0103m C\u1ea7n, n\u0103m L\u1ef1c, b\u1ea3y B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u00e1m Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ea7n. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n, c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Gi\u1edbi th\u00ec ba m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y ph\u1ea9m tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu t\u1eadp vi\u00ean m\u00e3n.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean, Gi\u1edbi gi\u00fap cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau: kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c (ch\u01b0 \u00e1c m\u1ea1c t\u00e1c<\/strong>), l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh (ch\u00fang thi\u1ec7n ph\u1ee5ng h\u00e0nh<\/strong>). M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 gi\u1eef t\u00e2m \u00fd thanh t\u1ecbnh, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf h\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c (t\u1ef1 t\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 \u00fd<\/strong>) v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh u\u1ea9n v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 u\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1eddi Gian V\u00e0 L\u00fd Do Thi\u1ebft L\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Edward J. Thomas trong cu\u1ed1n “\u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt” (The Life of Buddha), Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1eeb n\u0103m th\u1ee9 n\u0103m sau ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1o. Do \u0111\u00f3, qua n\u0103m th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u00f5 l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi sau ng\u00e0y Th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1o. Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng th\u00ec ghi m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ba sau ng\u00e0y Th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1o, gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi h\u1eb5n nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, do T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 \u01afu-ba-ly (Up\u00e0li) \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u00e1ch. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd Gi\u1edbi b\u1ed5n Ba-la-\u0111\u1ec1-m\u1ed9c-xoa (Patimokkha) ra \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec sao Gi\u1edbi b\u1ed5n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i? Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, ch\u01b0 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u, khi n\u00e0o th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, khi n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. Khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi ph\u1ea1m g\u00e2y n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t cho sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng ch\u00fang th\u00ec Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n m\u1edbi ki\u1ebft gi\u1edbi, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00eam m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea5u \u1ea5y x\u1ea3y ra v\u1ec1 sau. Gi\u1edbi b\u1ed5n c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u01b0 T\u1ef7-kheo sinh ho\u1ea1t thanh t\u1ecbnh trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p n\u00ean Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Gi\u1edbi b\u1ed5n, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y Gi\u1edbi d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ed9 tr\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u0103n, ho\u1eb7c d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef, ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ba sau ng\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1o, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh ho\u1ea1t \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp gi\u1edbi b\u1ed5n Ba-la-\u0111\u1ec1-m\u1ed9c-xoa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m, T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 Up\u00e0li b\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n: “B\u1ea1ch Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, do nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai v\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi b\u1ed5n Patimokkha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc?”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n d\u1ea1y, do m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi b\u1ed5n P\u00e0timokkha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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– \u0110\u1ec3 T\u0103ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh,
– \u0110\u1ec3 T\u0103ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an \u1ed5n,
– \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u,
– \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n T\u1ef7-kheo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng an \u1ed5n,
– \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c ngay trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i,
– \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai,
– \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i t\u1ecbnh t\u00edn cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tin,
– \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ecbnh t\u00edn t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tin,
– \u0110\u1ec3 di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i,
– \u0110\u1ec3 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. (T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9 Kinh 3B, tr. 73)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Qua m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tr\u00ean, Gi\u1edbi b\u1ed5n ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf hai ph\u1ea7n “ch\u1ec9 \u00e1c” v\u00e0 “t\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n” trong ba ph\u1ea7n (ch\u1ec9 \u00e1c, t\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 \u00fd) m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Gi\u1edbi qua Nik\u00e0ya, ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1i gia v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t gia. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a Nhi\u1ebfp lu\u1eadt nghi gi\u1edbi hay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Bi\u1ec7t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ed9i Dung C\u00e1c Lo\u1ea1i Gi\u1edbi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, gi\u1edbi mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a “\u0110\u1ea1i-th\u1eeba”. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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– Lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nhi\u1ebfp lu\u1eadt nghi gi\u1edbi<\/em><\/strong>, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1i gia v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t gia: ng\u0169 gi\u1edbi, b\u00e1t quan trai gi\u1edbi, th\u1eadp thi\u1ec7n gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 t\u00fac gi\u1edbi.
– Lo\u1ea1i hai g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nhi\u1ebfp thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi<\/em><\/strong>, l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0m gi\u1edbi.
– Lo\u1ea1i ba g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nhi\u00eau \u00edch h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh gi\u1edbi<\/em><\/strong>, l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh l\u00e0m gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 hai c\u0169ng mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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– Bi\u1ec7t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t gi\u1edbi<\/em><\/strong>, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a Nhi\u1ebfp lu\u1eadt nghi gi\u1edbi.
– \u0110\u1ecbnh c\u1ed9ng gi\u1edbi<\/em><\/strong>, l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t do \u0111\u1ecbnh sinh, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m gi\u1edbi. Do tu Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 th\u00e2n t\u00e2m thanh t\u1ecbnh, gi\u1edbi th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 t\u00fac.
– \u0110\u1ea1o c\u1ed9ng gi\u1edbi<\/em><\/strong>, l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t do tu\u1ec7 sinh, l\u1ea5y tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0m gi\u1edbi. Do tu v\u00f4 l\u1eadu nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed v\u00f4 l\u1eadu, gi\u1edbi th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u00ean m\u00e3n.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Qua s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean, nhi\u1ebfp thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 nhi\u00eau \u00edch h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba gi\u1edbi; bi\u1ec7t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ed9ng gi\u1edbi th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u1eadu gi\u1edbi; \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ed9ng gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lu\u1eadn C\u00e2u X\u00e1 th\u00ec g\u1ecdi bi\u1ec7t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t lu\u1eadt nghi (hay bi\u1ec7t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t gi\u1edbi) l\u00e0 D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi tri\u1ec1n gi\u1edbi; g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ecbnh sanh lu\u1eadt nghi (hay \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ed9ng gi\u1edbi) l\u00e0 S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi tri\u1ec1n gi\u1edbi; v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea1o sanh lu\u1eadt nghi (hay \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ed9ng gi\u1edbi) l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt xu\u1ea5t gia, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00ednh Ch\u1ea5t V\u00e0 N\u1ec1n T\u1ea3ng C\u1ee7a Gi\u1edbi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ee9 theo t\u1eebng gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m m\u1ed9t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 Gi\u1edbi b\u1ed5n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n chung cho c\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i gia v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t gia li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 \u00fd, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 Gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u01a1n c\u1eed gi\u1edbi “b\u1ea5t s\u00e1t” (kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1t sanh). C\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ch\u00fang sinh kh\u00e1c. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi, khi gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y th\u00ec ng\u0103n tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e2n t\u00e2m, nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb t\u00e2m, khi\u1ebfn cho t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an t\u1ecbnh, an l\u1ea1c ngay trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu th\u1ecd qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00e1c, khi gi\u1edbi b\u1ea5t s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn th\u00ec \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an to\u00e0n, an \u1ed5n, kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 do l\u00f2ng s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, \u00e1c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c g\u00e2y ra trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi “b\u1ea5t d\u00e2m”, “b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o”, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng tham v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o th\u00eam \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p g\u00e2y ra kh\u1ed5 \u0111au trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, tha nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00e1c th\u00ec tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng an \u1ed5n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1ef1u trung t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i an vui cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean l\u00f2ng tin cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. \u0110em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch an l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cho t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7; \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch an l\u1ea1c cho tha nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 Gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch, an l\u1ea1c cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00ean gi\u1edbi gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp th\u1ea5y nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m, an l\u1ea1c trong t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i. Gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c hay t\u00f9 t\u00fang c\u1ea3. Ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0m, h\u1eb3n nhi\u00ean ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh thanh t\u1ecbnh n\u00ean tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m ch\u1ec9, c\u00e1c sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f9y duy\u00ean m\u00e0 ch\u00e2m ch\u01b0\u1edbc, khai m\u1edf. Ngay c\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m ch\u1ec9, n\u1ebfu v\u00ec “ngh\u1ecbch duy\u00ean” m\u00e0 b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o (nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 “c\u00e1c tai n\u1ea1n” li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1edbi x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn), ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3, th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb n\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean tham t\u00e2m hay s\u00e2n t\u00e2m t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn theo s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng hi\u1ebfp, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean l\u1ea1c t\u00e2m th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi tr\u1ecdng th\u00ec t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t khai m\u1edf c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi nh\u1eb9 th\u00ec t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1edfi m\u1edf, linh \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1ng ghi r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u1ef3-kheo \u0111\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec7n, cho r\u1eb1ng cung c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00f4 th\u00e1o, thi\u1ebfu l\u1ecbch nh\u00e3. Khi s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n b\u00e8n d\u1ea1y: “V\u1eady th\u00ec t\u1eeb nay c\u00e1c T\u1ef7-kheo, ng\u1ed3i m\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec7n”. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c, khi ch\u01b0 T\u1ef7-kheo ng\u1ed3i ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec7n th\u00ec l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ch\u00ea r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 n\u1eef gi\u1edbi. Khi s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n l\u1ea1i d\u1ea1y: “N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u v\u1eady.” Th\u1ebf c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00f9y theo qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, t\u00f9y theo v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u00e0 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh n\u00f3i l\u00ean t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t linh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u1edfi m\u1edf c\u1ee7a Gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady gi\u1edbi trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p, c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u (dogma) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 mang ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n, thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eb1m nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00edn t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ecb Tr\u00ed C\u1ee7a Gi\u1edbi Trong H\u1ec7 Th\u1ed1ng Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9 Kinh v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A-h\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Gi\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 Kinh c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Kinh Ph\u1ea1m V\u00f5ng (c\u1ee7a Nik\u00e0ya) v\u00e0 Kinh Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u1ed9ng (c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A-h\u00e0m) x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Gi\u1edbi trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Trong hai kinh n\u00e0y, Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c k\u1ebb ph\u00e0m phu m\u1edbi ca ng\u1ee3i, t\u00e1n th\u00e1n Nh\u01b0 Lai v\u1ec1 Gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c. L\u1eddi ca ng\u1ee3i, t\u00e1n th\u00e1n Nh\u01b0 Lai nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh l\u00e0 ca ng\u1ee3i, t\u00e1n th\u00e1n v\u1ec1 Tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ee9c: — “Nh\u01b0 Lai \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng tri, gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p s\u00e2u k\u00edn, kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng, t\u1ecbch t\u1ecbnh, m\u1ef9 di\u1ec7u, v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea7m lu\u1eadn l\u00fd su\u00f4ng, r\u1ea5t t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec3u.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qua l\u1eddi x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, ta th\u1ea5y Gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n (Gi\u1edbi, \u0110\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7) c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 h\u01a1n, Gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u0103m b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i: Gi\u1edbi<\/strong>, \u0110\u1ecbnh<\/strong>, Tu\u1ec7<\/strong>, Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t<\/strong> v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t tri ki\u1ebfn<\/strong> (tri ki\u1ebfn bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m th\u1ee7 (gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi sai l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o), h\u1ecfng t\u1eeb b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1n b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb ng\u1eef Gi\u1edbi trong Nik\u00e0ya v\u00e0 A-h\u00e0m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qua \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc t\u1ea1ng (\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba) th\u00ec t\u1eeb Gi\u1edbi mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i bao la h\u01a1n: Gi\u1edbi bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7. Bi\u1ec7t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t gi\u1edbi (hay Nhi\u1ebfp lu\u1eadt nghi gi\u1edbi) v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecbnh c\u1ed9ng gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c h\u1eefu l\u1eadu gi\u1edbi, \u0110\u1ea1o c\u1ed9ng gi\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Tu\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t hay v\u00f4 l\u1eadu gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 th\u00ec x\u1ebfp Gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong s\u00e1u chi ph\u1ea7n tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “L\u1ee5c Ba-la-m\u1eadt”. Gi\u1edbi Ba-la-m\u1eadt th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb h\u1ebft ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, hay \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb h\u1ebft l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c nhau trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 Gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Nam t\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 B\u1eafc t\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecnh k\u1ef9 v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i dung th\u00ec th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1ea9n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Nam t\u1ea1ng th\u00ec tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n Gi\u1edbi \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, qua gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec Nam t\u1ea1ng b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 quy \u01b0\u1edbc h\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi. \u1ede B\u1eafc t\u1ea1ng, th\u00ec \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu chung v\u1edbi Gi\u1edbi; \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec Gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi Ba-la-m\u1eadt h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec Gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7. Thi\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 th\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 ly h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, c\u1ea3 Nam t\u1ea1ng l\u1eabn B\u1eafc t\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec1u x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ri\u00eang r\u1ebd Gi\u1edbi, \u0110\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7. Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o t\u00e1m chi ph\u1ea7n trong B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00ec th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Gi\u1edbi (hay ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef, ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh gi\u1edbi, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Tu\u1ec7 (ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy). Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n Gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n Tu\u1ec7, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n Tu\u1ec7 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u00ean m\u00e3n Gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hi\u1ec3u \u00dd Ngh\u0129a \u0110\u00fang \u0110\u1eafn C\u1ee7a Gi\u1edbi V\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Gi\u1edbi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u1eb7ng, nh\u1eb9 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp c\u00f3 t\u00e2m l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u00e1c nhau, d\u00f9 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea1m c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1ea9m H\u1ea1t Mu\u1ed1i (T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9 Kinh I) ghi s\u1ef1 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111en \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1ed9m m\u1ed9t con d\u00ea c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u, c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u ngay t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00f9 t\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i quan c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1eaft tr\u1ed9m m\u1ed9t con d\u00ea c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u, c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c \u1ea5y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u00f9 t\u1ed9i. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eafm mu\u1ed1i th\u1ea3 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn hay con s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm mu\u1ed1i \u1ea5y v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t gh\u00e8 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea1m m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i, v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e2m t\u01b0 b\u1ee7n x\u1ec9n, kh\u00f4ng tu t\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi, \u0110\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7 th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c; nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tu t\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi, \u0110\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7, c\u00f3 t\u1eeb t\u00e2m r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i th\u00ec xem qua nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 (tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kinh \u0110\u1ea1i Nghi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t (Trung B\u1ed9 Kinh III) tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh t\u00edn tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00fac ch\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sang Thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi d\u00f9 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p; tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y nghi t\u00e2m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7, s\u00fac sanh, d\u00f9 sanh ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o m\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p. S\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ph\u00e0m phu \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00e1c sinh, hu\u1ed1ng n\u1eefa l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1edbng, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i n\u1ebfu h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 ba \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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– S\u1eeda so\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea1m.
– H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m.
– C\u1ed1 \u00fd.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Trong ba \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i \u1ea5y, hai \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea7n t\u00e1c \u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. Th\u00e0nh th\u1eed v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef g\u00ecn t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong s\u1ea1ch, thanh t\u1ecbnh, l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n. Ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb hoen \u1ed1. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1eef cho \u00fd th\u1ee9c thanh t\u1ecbnh, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i \u00fd v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 \u00fd. V\u1edbi ai m\u00e0 tu gi\u1eef \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh t\u1ecbnh, gi\u00e1c t\u0129nh th\u00ec h\u1eb3n nhi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1edbi d\u00f9 cho c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c \u00fd th\u1ee9c. Gi\u1eef ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh t\u1ecbnh th\u00ec gi\u1edbi thanh t\u1ecbnh. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u00fd gi\u1edbi: r\u1eddi xa c\u00e1c \u00e1c ph\u00e1p, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, r\u1eddi xa tham \u00e1i, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, qua ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, l\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i an l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac l\u00e2u d\u00e0i cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn ngu\u1ed3n an l\u1ea1c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u1ea5y; ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n an l\u1ea1c, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t gia hay ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho h\u00e0ng Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed t\u1ea1i gia, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i m\u00e0 l\u00e0 chung cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ecdi l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i, cho nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i an l\u1ea1c, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 trong c\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u00e3i \u0111i t\u00ecm, th\u00ec h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00fang Gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm gi\u1eef tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u1ea5y. \u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n v\u1edbi Gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef Gi\u1edbi th\u00e2n \u00e1i nh\u01b0 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00edch Ch\u01a1n Thi\u1ec7n
(tr\u00edch “Ph\u1eadt H\u1ecdc Kh\u00e1i Lu\u1eadn”, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 1993)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1m \u01a1n anh Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Trung \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m gi\u00fap \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00e1y l\u1ea1i b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u1ea7y (05\/97).<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Th\u00edch Ch\u01a1n Thi\u1ec7n Gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ba h\u1ecdc: Gi\u1edbi, \u0110\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7. Ba h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ba v\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u1ecdc. G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 v\u00ec ba h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o sanh thi\u00ean. \u00dd […]\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-301","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-gioi-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/301","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=301"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/301\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":302,"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/301\/revisions\/302"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=301"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=301"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=301"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}