{"id":293,"date":"2025-01-06T20:48:31","date_gmt":"2025-01-06T13:48:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phapvien.com\/?p=293"},"modified":"2025-01-06T20:48:31","modified_gmt":"2025-01-06T13:48:31","slug":"dao-phat-nguyen-thuy-va-dao-phat-dai-thua-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/?p=293","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng W. Rahula<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ef3 kheo Thi\u1ec7n Minh d\u1ecbch<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi: s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y \u00f4n l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea3n sanh v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Ng\u00e0i th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u0103m 35 tu\u1ed5i, 45 n\u0103m thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i nh\u1eadp N\u00edp-b\u00e0n n\u0103m 80 tu\u1ed5i. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t, ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ea1o cho ch\u00fang sanh, v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 ng\u1ee7 c\u00f3 hai gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o cho m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp: vua ch\u00faa, ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed, b\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng \u0111inh, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ecdi nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Ng\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt ng\u00f4n. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9 (Therav\u00e0da) hay \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba (Mah\u00e0yana).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi Ng\u00e0i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i T\u1ef3 Kheo t\u0103ng v\u00e0 T\u1ef3 Kheo ni, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt (Vinaya). Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i bao g\u1ed3m trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p cho ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng Ni v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec7n nam T\u00edn n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p (Dhamma).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i K\u1ebft T\u1eadp Kinh \u0110i\u1ec3n L\u1ea7n Th\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau ba th\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u1edf th\u00e0nh R\u00e0jagaha (V\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e1). Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o Kassapa (Ca-di\u1ebfp) tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 hai v\u1ecb r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 hai l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau – hai v\u1ecb n\u00e0y tr\u00f9ng tuy\u00ean l\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt (Dhamma v\u00e0 Vinaya): ng\u00e0i Ananda (A-nan-\u0111a) l\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed h\u1ea7u c\u1eadn \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt trong su\u1ed1t 25 n\u0103m, ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng; v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i Upali (\u01afu-ba-ly) \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai ph\u1ea7n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00f9ng tuy\u00ean l\u1ea1i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p – Abhidhamma) nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t \u00edt v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch, Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 b\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c Ananda r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu T\u0103ng gi\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t \u00edt gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt nh\u1ecf, th\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i Ananda qu\u00e1 u s\u1ea7u v\u00ec Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n s\u1eafp vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ananda th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u00ean ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ecfi b\u1eadc \u0110\u1ea1o s\u01b0 gi\u1edbi n\u00e0o l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi nh\u1ecf. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt n\u00e0o l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi nh\u1ecf, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o Kassapa quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt n\u00e0o Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u th\u00eam gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi n\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt. Tuy nhi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o Kassapa nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u: “N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt, d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang s\u1ebd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed Sa M\u00f4n Gotama thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ng\u00e0i h\u1ecfa t\u00e1ng.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i, gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb. Sau \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u t\u1eeb v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed. Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ee5ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y do b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t ho\u1eb7c th\u00eam b\u1edbt n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ea9u truy\u1ec1n th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o do m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i K\u1ebft T\u1eadp Kinh \u0110i\u1ec3n L\u1ea7n Th\u1ee9 Hai<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt. Sau ba th\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt b\u1edfi v\u00ec trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i di\u1ec5n ra. Nh\u01b0ng 100 n\u0103m sau, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u01b0 t\u1ef3 kheo th\u1ea5y nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt nh\u1ecf. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7y t\u1ef3 kheo ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt g\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ea7y t\u1ef3 kheo r\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 (Mahasanghika). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba (Mahayana). V\u00e0 trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i K\u1ebft T\u1eadp Kinh \u0110i\u1ec3n L\u1ea7n Th\u1ee9 Ba<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, th\u1eddi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Asoka, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo kh\u00e1c ph\u00e1i. Trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u00f2n li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p. Cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i Moggaliputta Tissa (M\u1ed9c-li\u00ean Tu-\u0111\u1ebf) bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nh\u1eefng \u0110i\u1ec3m D\u1ecb Bi\u1ec7t (Kathavatthu) \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng, sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i. Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o (Theravada). T\u1ea1ng Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba, con trai vua Asoka, ng\u00e0i Mahinda, mang Tam T\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00edch Lan c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Ch\u00fa Gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i th\u1ee9 ba tr\u00f9ng tuy\u00ean l\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n mang \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00edch Lan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t m\u1ed9t trang n\u00e0o. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng P\u00e0li, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Ma-ki\u1ec7t-\u0111\u00e0 (Magadhi) do \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 Xu\u1ea5t Hi\u1ec7n C\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba (Mahayana)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 I tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 I sau c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, hai thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba (Mahayana) v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba (Hinayana) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong Di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p li\u00ean hoa kinh (Saddharma pundarika sutra).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II sau c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, ch\u1eef “\u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba” d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. Ng\u00e0i Long M\u00e3ng (Nagarjuna) ph\u00e1t huy tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n kinh nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Trung lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft (Madhyamika-karika, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn) ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng. Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IV, V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc (Asanga) v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n (Vasubandhu ) s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 I sau c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c danh x\u01b0ng “\u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba” v\u00e0 “ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba v\u1edbi Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9 (Theravada) b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a nhau. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00edch Lan v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef9 th\u1ee9 III tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, khi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 danh t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. B\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u1edf T\u00edch Lan. Ng\u00e0y nay, b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103m 1950, H\u1ed9i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (World Fellowship of Buddhists, WFB), khai m\u1ea1c \u1edf Colombo, nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng danh t\u1eeb “ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba” ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan g\u00ec v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y nay \u1edf T\u00edch lan, Th\u00e1i lan, Mi\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n, Campuchia, L\u00e0o v.v… Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba V\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f4i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00f4i c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ebf trong c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o trong c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i th\u00ec c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 .<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • L\u00fd Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi trong c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn Tam t\u01b0\u1edbng (Kh\u1ed5, V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, V\u00f4 ng\u00e3) v\u00e0 Tam v\u00f4 l\u1eadu h\u1ecdc (Gi\u1edbi, \u0110\u1ecbnh, Hu\u1ec7) , kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    C\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau. Hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb A La H\u00e1n. T\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt To\u00e0n gi\u00e1c, \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 Thinh v\u0103n gi\u00e1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb A La H\u00e1n. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng La H\u00e1n th\u1eeba. H\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ba thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef: B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t th\u1eeba, Duy\u00ean gi\u00e1c th\u1eeba v\u00e0 Thinh v\u0103n th\u1eeba. Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, ba qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ba qu\u1ea3 Gi\u00e1c (Bodhi).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y th\u00ec \u00edch k\u1ef9 b\u1edfi v\u00ec d\u1ea1y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m sao m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edch k\u1ef9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? C\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 ba Th\u1eeba, hay ba Gi\u00e1c, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t l\u00e0 cao qu\u00ed nh\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y cho r\u1eb1ng B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh cho s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian, v\u00ec h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ba H\u1ea1ng Ph\u1eadt<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    C\u00f3 ba h\u1ea1ng Ph\u1eadt: Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb3ng ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c (sammasambuddha), \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u00e1c (paccekabuddha), v\u00e0 Thinh v\u0103n gi\u00e1c (savakabuddha). Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc N\u00edp-b\u00e0n gi\u1eefa ba v\u1ecb th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb3ng ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u uy \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t h\u01a1n hai v\u1ecb kia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng do ng\u00e0i Long M\u00e3ng n\u00f3i th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Th\u1eadt ra, ng\u00e0i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 L\u00fd Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong kinh t\u1ea1ng P\u00e0li. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c Ananda h\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef Kh\u00f4ng, v\u1eady Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? ” \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, “N\u00e0y Ananda, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y. Do \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3.” T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y do ng\u00e0i Long M\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0a ra khi \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch “Madhyamika-karika” (Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn) n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e1nh Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m “T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c” v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c trong kinh t\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ch\u1ec9 khai tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m.\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    (Nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c: \u2018Theravada – Mahayana Buddhism\u2019,Gems of Buddhist Wisdom, Buddhist Missionary Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1996)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n\n\n\n

    B\u00ecnh Anson hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh, 23-05-2000.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng W. Rahula T\u1ef3 kheo Thi\u1ec7n Minh d\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi: s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y \u00f4n l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c […]\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-293","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-lich-su"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/293","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=293"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/293\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":294,"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/293\/revisions\/294"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=293"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=293"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phapphat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=293"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}